Chapter 11 Vocab

Chapter 11 Vocab

Genetics-the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/

True-breeding- organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves.

http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa100903a.htm

Trait-a distinguishing characteristic or quality

http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html

Hybrid-a person produced by the interaction or crossbreeding of two unlike cultures, traditions, etc.http://www.mansfieldct.org/schools/MMS/staff/hand/genstudentstuff.htm

Gene-A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/gene03.html

Allele-One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome. http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/alleles.htm

Segregation-the separation of allelic genes into different gametes during meiosis.

http://www.ndsu.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel1.htm

Gamete-a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0008016.html

Probability-the possibility that an event will occur.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_2.htm

Punnett Square- in genetics, a type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible offspring; a type of grid that can indicate all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross. http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punexam.html

Homozygous-Relating to a cell that has two identical alleles for a particular trait at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes. http://biology.about.com/bldefhomozyg.htm

Heterozygous-Relating to a cell that has two different alleles at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes. http://biology.about.com/bldefhetzyg.htm

Phenotype- the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment. http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/SD.Geno.HP.html

Genotype-the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits. http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Genotype

Homologous-Similar in structure and evolutionary origin, though not necessarily in function, as the flippers of a seal and the hands of a human.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homologous

Diploid-having two similar complements of chromosomes http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Diploid

Haploid-an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, ordinarily half the normal diploid number. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Haploid

Tetrad-a group of four chromatids formed by synapsis at the beginning of meiosis. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061030200732AAJD3T4

Crossing-Over-The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/comeiosis.html

Gene Map-A graphic representation of the arrangement of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22827585/

Chapter 10 Questions

p.243 #1-5:

1. Give two reasons why cells divide.
-the larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA and the more trouble the cell has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.

2. How is a cell's DNA like the books in the library?
Books are where all of the information is stored

3. What is the solution to the problems caused by cell growth?
the cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles

4. As a cell increases in size, which increases more rapidly, its surface area or its volume?
volume

5.Calculate the surface area, volume, and the ratio of surface area to volume of an imaginary cubic cell with a length of 4cm.
Surface Area: 96cm2 Volume: 64cm3 96/64= 3:2

p.249 #1-6:

1.Name the main events of the cell cycle.

- M phase -G1 phase -S phase -G2 phase

2. Describe what happens during each of the four phases of mitosis.

Prophase-nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes. Metaphase-the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle. Anaphase-the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase-the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei.

3.Describe what happens during interphase.

During the interphase, the nucleus is not undergoing any division of growth.

4. What are chromosomes made of?

each chromosome consists of two identical "sister" chromatids attached by a centromere.

5. How do prokaryotic cells divide?

Most Prokaryotic cells divide by a process called binary fission where a cell divides in half - forming two daughter cells which are genetically identical.

6. How is cytokinesis in plant cells similar to cytokinesis in plant cells? How is it different?Cytoplasm is divided in both cells but a plant cell forms a plate midway between divided nuclei while the animal cell's cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts.

p.252 #1-5:

1. What chemicals regulate the cell cycle? How do they work?

-Cyclins: regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
-Internal Regulators: proteins that respond to events inside the cell
-External Regulators: proteins that respond to events outside the cell

2.What happens when cells do not respond to the signals that normally regulate their growth?
They form masses of cells called tumors that can damage the surrounding tissues.

3. How do cells respond to contact with other cells? chromosome damage builds up when cells respond to contact with other cells.

4.Why can cancer be considered a disease of the cell cycle?
It does not respond to the signals the regulate its growth so its size keeps increasing and it spreads, and there is no control over the cell cycle.

5. Write a hypothesis about what you think would happen if cyclin were injected into a cell that was in mitosis.
If cyclin was injected into a cell undergoing mitosis, then the cell would not be affected by it because cyclin regulates the timing of the cell cycle so everyhting will remain under control.


p.257 #1-10
1. The rate at which materials enter and leave through the cell membrane depends on the cell's:

a. volume.

b.weight.

c. mass.

d. surface area.

2. The process of cell division results in:

a. sister chromatids.

b. mitosis.

c. two daughter cells.

d. unregulated growth.

3.Pairs of identical chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the:

a. centriole.

b. centromere.

c. spindle.

d. chromosome.

4. If a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis?

a. 4

b. 6

c. 12

d. 24

5. At the beginning of cell division, a chromosome consists of two:

a. centromeres.

b. centrioles.

c. chromatids.

d. spindles.

6. The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate from one another is:

a. prophase.

b. anaphase.

c. metaphase.

d. spindles.

7. Metaphase is best illustrated in which figure?: b.

8. The timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is controlled by a group of closely related proteins known as:

a. chromatids.

b. cyclins.

c. centromeres.

d. centrioles.

9.In the cell cycle, external regulators direct cells to:

a. speed up or slow down the cycle.

b. remain unchanged.

c. proceed and then stop the cycle.

d. grow uncontrollably.

10. Uncontrolled cell division occurs in:

a. cancer.

b. mitosis.

c. cytokinesis.

d. cyclin.

Cell Growth and Division Vocabulary

Cell Growth and Division Vocab

cell division-The process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells.

chromatid-one of two identical chromosomal strands into which a chromosome splits longitudinally preparatory to cell division.

centromere-a specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape.

interphase-the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division.Also called interkinesis.

cell cycle-The series of events involving the growth, replication, and division of a eukaryotic cell.

mitosis-Celldivision in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes.

prophase-the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.

centriole-One of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis.

spindle-shaped structure, composed of microtubules, that forms near the cell nucleus during mitosis or meiosis and, as it divides, draws the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.

first........

then.......

metaphase-the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.

anaphase-the stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.

telophase-The final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei.

cytokinesis-The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following the division of the nucleus.

cyclin-A class of proteins that fluctuate in concentration at specific points during the cell cycle and that regulate the cycle by binding to a kinase.

cancer-any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

The End!

Deborah Crocker

Hi there! My name is Deborah Crocker. You can just call me Debbie for short!
A little about me...
I have a brother who is a pain in the butt but very cute, and a sister that just turned 13 (DRAMA!). Also I play soccer and i love fashion! I guess you could say thats my thang! Haha but i love to hang out with all of my amazing friends and every once and awhile you can throw the fam in there too.